Nicole M. Putman, Ph.D., MS

More than 146 million resin-based sealants and restorations are placed annually in the U.S.

 Increased use of resin-based restorative materials also means the increased use of the light-curing unit (LCU) for photopolymerization.

Most LCUs emit in the 400 to 500 nm wavelength ranges depending on the light source emission spectrum, which is vital for a reaction to occur in the light-cure resin restorative materials.

 The spectral requirements of the resin-based composite (RBC) materials and the spectral emission of the LCU should correspond to ensure optimum polymerization of restorative dental materials.

One photoinitiator frequently used in resin-based restorative materials is camphorquinone (CQ), which is activated by high-intensity blue light.

 LED LCUs correspond with the wavelength necessary to activate the CQ with an ideal narrow blue spectral emission for photoinitiation. Some resin and bonding systems use other photoinitiators in translucent and lighter shade restorative materials.

LED LCUs are often the curing unit of choice because of the unit’s high curing efficiency, long life, low energy consumption, and device convenience and ease of use.

 The LED LCU narrow spectral emission is better centered on the peak of maximum absorption of the photoinitiators.

 Although the LCU operates at a blue light spectrum to most effectively cause photoinitiation of RBC materials, it is of an intensity and wavelength that may cause ocular damage.

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Retinal blue light sensitivity has been identified in the literature for decades. Dental operator’s eyes are at risk from acute and cumulative effects of blue light from inadvertent direct viewing and back reflectance of the light. Retinal damage increases in response to higher energy, short wavelength of the visible spectrum (400 to 500 nm)

 which is the spectrum required for photoinitiation.

“Blue-light hazard” (BLH) as identified in the literature is the potential for retinal injury due to high-energy short wavelength light 20 and is greatest at 440 nm.

 Blue light from LCUs may be particularly damaging because of the frequency and duration of use by the dental operator.

Blue light is transmitted through the ocular media of the eye and absorbed by the retina

 and high levels may cause immediate and irreversible retinal burning while prolonged exposure to low levels may result in accelerated retinal aging and degeneration.

 The chronic injury from low-level blue light exposure is thought to contribute to retinal aging and can accelerate age-related macular degeneration (ARMD).

The Principle of Conservation of Radiance states that the source of radiance and retinal irradiance cannot be increased with the use of optical aids, however, the use of optical aids such as magnifying loupes, increases the image size which may increase the risk of retinal hazard.

 There is little data in the literature regarding the use of loupes in dentistry and their effect for potential increased risk of blue light exposure, so this study aimed to determine whether varying the type of and magnification of loupes would affect the amount of LCU blue light exposure.

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A VALO blue-light emitting LCU from Ultradent was selected for the experiment. Absolute irradiance from 422 to 525 nm was measured using an Ocean Optics Flame Spectrometer and Ocean View’s software. A cosine corrector optical diffuser with a 3.9 mm diameter was used to collect signal from 180° field of view. An external National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard light source was used to calibrate the spectrometer at the beginning of the experiment. The LCU and the spectrometer were rigidly mounted on an optical bench (

Two different types of telescope lenses were used: Keplerian (expanded field) and Galilean. Lenses were obtained from Designs for Vision, Inc

 and for each type of telescope, three different magnifications were used (

 Fig. 1: Spectrometer positioned 13 mm behind lens to simulate the position of the eye exposed to blue light. Fig. 2: Image of configuration set up to measure reflected blue light.

In order to measure the effects of viewing the LCU through magnification loupes, the loupes were positioned 45.7 cm away from the teeth and the LCU. The spectrometer was placed 13 mm behind the loupes to simulate the work- ing distance behind the mounted loupe lenses and the eye in a clinical situation. A sub-analysis with the spectrometer directly in contact with the loupes at a variety of distances up to 25 mm revealed this placement was critical, in particular for the expanded field design.

The study was designed to mimic a blue light exposure with a LCU similar to a clinical experience. For the first configuration, measurements were taken five times for each of the lenses with the LCU directed toward natural teeth to evaluate reflected blue light (

). Additional measurements were taken for a second configuration with the curing light positioned behind the lingual surfaces of natural maxillary incisors to simulate accidental direct exposure that may occur in that scenario (

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We found that the amount of integrated irradiance measured by the spectrometer through the loupes varied considerably with configuration and type of loupes. There was no clear trend that a larger or smaller magnification resulted in more light transmission with the most light being transmitted by the 4.5x Keplerian lens and the least light by the 4.5x Galilean lens. More light was observed at the corneal plane for all lenses except for 4.5x Galilean (

To further understand the trends with telescope type and magnification, we applied two normalization factors. The first was to account for the area of the objective lens because larger collecting optics will result in more light entering the system. The second factor accounted for the relative solid angle subtended by the lens as each had a different field of view. A lens area factor and a solid angle factor, which are intended to normalize the lenses to an average objective diameter and average field of view, were calculated. When these two correction factors were applied to the raw data, clear trends were observed for each telescope type (

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The distance to the telescope matters and results in drastically different results for the Keplerian telescopes compared with the Galilean telescopes. To study this, the absolute irradiance was measured when the spectrometer was in contact with the loupe and at distances of 13 mm and 25 mm behind the loupes. The data indicated there was a significant difference between telescopes, with the Keplerian telescopes increasing in irradiance at a distance of 13 mm com- pared with contact and one inch and the Galilean telescopes abruptly decreasing at a distance of 13 mm and remaining relatively stable in the transition from 13 mm to 25 mm.

The difference is at least partially explained by a significant difference in optical design between the two telescopes, which results in an external exit pupil for the Keplerian design around 13 mm behind the ocular lens, resulting in additional light being measured by the spectrometer. This significant difference means the two telescope designs should be considered separately (

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Magnification lenses are a vital part of a dental armamentarium. The literature posits the benefits of increased visual acuity, increased productivity, as well as the improved quality of dental care and reduced fatigue and injury.

 It is reported that prism loupes have improved magnification, longer working distance, a larger field of view as well as a wider depth of focus.

Exposure to the risk of blue-light from an LED source can occur in two ways: either from looking at an irradiated scene or directly viewing the light source. During dental procedures, the operator may be directly exposed to a blue light source such as when working on the anterior teeth and a portion of the light-curing tip is not covered by the teeth and the eyes are directly exposed. More commonly, blue light exposure occurs during pho- to polymerization either as a reflected or transmitted source (

A study of more than 748 dentists reported that almost one-third of dentists used what would be considered as inadequate eye protection against blue light exposure during dental procedures.35 Almost 20 percent of study participants used a LCU mounted shield, while approximately 8 percent looked away from the light.

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Eye aversion to bright light is a natural response that may limit the exposure time to less than 0.25 seconds.

 Unfortunately, blue light from an LCU may not induce the same protective response and thereby increase blue light exposure time due to a delayed pupil constriction response. Furthermore, the operator is trained to watch to make sure they align the curing light to the tooth being treated to assure ultimate cure of the restorative material. Clinicians who avert their eyes run the risk of not correctly aligning the curing light to the restoration, possibly leading to inadequate photopolymerization of the restorative material.

Light wavelengths of under 400 nm are absorbed by the lens of the eye and do not reach the retina. Blue spectrum radiation can reach the retina and in the young eye ocular transmittance can be close to 90 percent at 450 nm.

 Blue light damage may be resultant to a photochemical process causing injury to the pigmented epithelium and choroid of the retina.

 The extent of retinal injury is dependent on the efficiency of the antioxidant system.

 Dental professionals who have undergone cataract removal would be more susceptible to damage from blue-light exposure.

Several studies identified the cumulative character of light damage to the eyes.

 Interestingly, a study found that three and four exposures of five minutes duration followed by a one-hour dark interval led to significantly more damage.

 Such light dose fractionation can elicit a more harmful effect than the same dose of light without interruption. This may be of particular concern for dental personnel because of the repetitive use of the LCU throughout the day.

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Based on the results of this study, the use of expanded field Keplerian dental loupes 13 mm from the magnification lens may increase the risk of blue light exposure to the dental operator (

In one study based on an eight-hour day, the maximum permissible cumulative exposure time as calculated according to the guidelines as set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) would be achieved in approximately 11 minutes. The use of loupes was found to increase the maximum exposure time to the pupil up to 28 minutes.

Dentists may spend 240 hours per year curing dental restorations.

One study of dentists in the clinical setting reported 57.5 percent of their working day was spent placing light cured restorations.

One-fourth of dentists use the shield mounted to the curing light for eye protection.

However, these shields may not be beneficial as the only form of protection as they are too small to protect against light spreading in all directions. Blue-light filtering spectacles cause a reduction in the transmission of light below 500 nm to less than one percent.

Another option for safety is a paddle-designed filter to protect the eyes of clinicians.

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Blue-light hazard is the potential for retinal injury due to high-energy short wavelength light and is greatest at 440 nm. Most LCUs emit in the 350-450 nm wavelength range and the absolute irradiance received by the eye may be greater with expanded field telescopes. Lack of eye movement and focus while using magnification may increase the potentially damaging effects of greater radiant exposure to the retina.

Whether or not they are wearing loupes at the time, dental professionals should protect their eyes when using LCUs. Protective spectacles or paddles designed to filter out the harmful wavelengths should be used.

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Special thanks to Midwestern University – Arizona for supporting our research and Designs for Vision, Inc.

for providing telescopic lenses used in the study. Also thanks to Allen Tang who was a student of Midwestern University at the time of the study for his assistance. 

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Articles

A study of the risks of eye damage clinicians face when using curing lights while wearing dental loupes.